Saturday, May 16, 2020
Cross Cultural Integration International Students and...
This article brings to light need for guidance that international students must obtain in order to conform to the mission statements of higher educational institutions cross-cultural Integration through suitable learning environments and aiding student to succeed in obtaining a higher education is a fundamental requirement of every educational institution,(Delbanco, 2012) but the quality of American higher education since the growth of student campuses is questionable. Using academic journal articles from the Journal of College Student Development, The Journal of Higher Education, and texts from Andrew Delbanco’s College: What it was, and what is should be, I will determine why there needs to be more meaningful guidance for students†¦show more content†¦If institutions do not provide significant surroundings where international students can adapt and conform quickly, the academic community will be responsible for losing an important amount of students that could have helped to enrich the institution as a whole. There are three possible stances when it comes to student engagement. Some evidence indicates that educational institutions require better systems to assist with international student integration and promoting diversity. Other evidence indicates that individual differences contribute to different levels of student engagement. However, it is not possible to identify either side as mainly responsible for the lack of student integration and engagement. It is considered that collaboration between higher education institutions and students can create the best educational system with most supportive and engaging environment (Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education, n.d.) On the other hand, some researchers have conducted studies that have aimed to explore the roles of ethnicity and race in student engagement to investigate if those variables play a role in successful student integration and engagement (Johnson, Crosnoe, Elder Jr., 2001). Although research based on ethnic and racialShow MoreRelatedInternationalization : Motivations And Sources Essay705 Words  | 3 PagesINTERNATIONALIZATION: MOTIVATIONS AND SOURCES Internationalization has become a broad umbrella term that covers many dimensions, components, approaches and activities. It includes credit and degree mobility for students, academic exchange and the search for global talent, curriculum development and learning outcomes, franchise operations and branch campuses, for both cooperation and competition. According to Altbach Knight, (2007), earning money is a powerful stimulus for all internationalizationRead More‘Effects of Globalization and Cross-Cultural Experiences in Education Sector’4106 Words  | 17 Pages‘Effects of Globalization and Cross-Cultural Experiences in Education Sector’ Introduction I wonder if we can assume that the growing trend of people choosing to study abroad is a consequence of globalization. Furthermore I am interested in understanding the globalized educational culture and its’ associated issues on a local and international basis. The main objective of my research is to acquire as much information as possible and develop extensive knowledge of the research subject. ThereforeRead MoreGlobalisation of Higher Education4579 Words  | 19 PagesGLOBALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION- CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES. Name of Author  :  Himani Gupta             Designation     : Lecturer                             Organization   : Jagannath International Management School                    Address      : K-13 A Khirki Extention, Malviya Nagar, New Delhi-110017                                   E-mail ID      : tinugupta76@yahoo.co.in                         GLOBALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION- CHALLENGESRead MoreForeign Students And Other Socio Cultural Contexts Essay1363 Words  | 6 PagesAt present there is a growing volume of students who migrate from one Culture to another, which represents a phenomenon that requires understanding the process Of adaptation or acculturation to the different socio-cultural contexts. I will begin by defining the term foreign students, it refers to Individuals who reside voluntarily and temporarily in a country that is not their own in order to participate in the international educational exchange, intending to Return to their country of originRead MoreIntercultural Competence Of International Recruiters37.9088 Words  | 37 PagesINTERCULTURAL COMPETENCE OF INTERNATIONAL RECRUITERS 37 Literature Review Studies of intercultural competence over the past thirty years attempt to measure the success or growth of an individual’s knowledge, skills and attitudes in relation to other cultures (Sinicrope, Norris Watanabe, 2007). Global learning outcomes such as intercultural communication skills, intercultural adaptability, intercultural sensitivity, intercultural maturity, and intercultural competence are skills that universitiesRead MoreIntercultural Leadership6009 Words  | 25 PagesJournal of International Business and Cultural Studies Educating global leaders: Exploring intercultural competence in leadership education Irving, Justin A. Bethel University Abstract The globalization of the world has brought about massive shifts over the past two decades. With the increase of international travel, the quantum leaps in global communication brought about by the World Wide Web and the increasingly interdependent global economy, the way leaders and organizations approachRead MoreThe University Of Mississippi State University Essay1000 Words  | 4 Pagesnursing, business, counseling and psychology. Over 70 percent of students are Mississippi residents. Every year, over 20,000 students attend the university. The six-year graduation rate is around 60 percent and the annual retention rate is around 80 percent. The Shackouls Honors College helps over 1,300 academically impressive students take small, exclusive classes. There are around 1,200 faculty members and a total of 4,300 staff. The student to faculty ratio is 20 to one. The main campus has over 730Read MoreInternational Enrollment At A Small Liberal Arts College2542 Words  | 11 Pageslocated in Ashland, WI, has made the decision to increase international enrollment at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The decision was created to increase financial stability and international enrollment. The increase in enrollment is meant to increase diversit y and to improve global awareness on campus for all students. The VP for Student Affairs is concerned about creating a campus environment that will enable international students to be academically and socially successful and she wantsRead MoreDefinition Of A World Class University Essay2114 Words  | 9 Pages1.1 General Definition of a World-Class University Identifying the definition of â€Å"a world-class university†is still an ongoing process. Meanwhile, it has become a â€Å"catch phrase†that encourages the purpose of promoting higher educational quality and global competition in the marketplace of tertiary education (Salmi, 2009, p. 3). Altbach (2004) mentions that although a concise definition of a world-class university has not yet been accomplished, there has been much attention to it globally. FurthermoreRead MoreAndrew Carnegie vs. Sam Walton904 Words  | 4 PagesNancy Lee Walton near Kingfisher, Oklahoma. They lived on a small farm but when that was proven non-profitable they moved out of Oklahoma to many towns across Missouri. Sam Walton was the starting quarterback for his football team and was an honors student. He attended the University of Missouri, where he majored in Economics. After a few setbacks Sam decided he wanted to own his own department store. His dream came a reality in the fall of 194 5 when he purchased a store in Newport, Missouri with
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Essay about The Values and Beliefs of Human Services
Latoya Richardson The Values and Beliefs of Human Services October 11, 2010 BSHS 322 Communication for Human Services Mrs. .Amy Donaldson Introduction In order to be a Human Service agent you must have discovered your values and beliefs. When you discover your values and beliefs you are underlying what you can do for your clients, what attributes you can offer them, and setting up a foundation for providing great care. Values and Beliefs All clinical interviewing is embedded in a system of values and beliefs that shape the clinical work we do (Dillion, 2003).When adapting to the world we all become familiar with what we believe in and value as a person. These keynotes, determine who we are as an individual. When considering†¦show more content†¦When reading the information, at first it was straightforward to be able to have a question mark of debt about why these people we being referred to an agency when there was no indication what was happening with these people. Without the proper report, history, or diagnosis several things may perhaps have been mistaken. One the person may have been recommended to the wrong agency, incorrect treatment, and denied being seen for services. This is why we as professional must learn the different cues for communication. Over 65 %, of the population uses nonverbal cues (Dillion, 2003). Learning different cues, gestures, facial expressions, and body movem ents can assist with clinical gestalt. When an individual, can understand a person through no expressive dialect we have learned how to break a barrier. The population, which receives the majority of clinical gestalt of discrimination, is the elderly. With the increased number of older adults in the population, more and more clinical psychologists are including this group are among their clients (Lacks, July 1982) It can become easy sometimes to look at a person and make assumptions for the person that you are interviewing. For an example like the elderly woman who was sixty-six years old. When reading the first section a person may have thought to themselves they have been married for awhile. On the other hand, when reading the second exercise it became clear that they were only married forShow MoreRelatedPersonal Values Paper950 Words  | 4 PagesPersonal values play a big part in our lives. The development of our personal values is an ongoing process, and is subject to change based on what we feel is most important to us. Life is full of twists and turns and may cause us to readjust our priorities. However, as a human servic e professional it is important to understand what our values are and how we can benefit those that we serve. I value doing things that help me live a healthier lifestyle. I understand that it is important to take careRead MoreChallenges of Being an Advocate and Neutral Facilitator777 Words  | 4 Pagesbeing integrated into various spectrums of the human services field; but what happens when these two methods of helping present challenges for one another? While ethical, moral, and legal challenges of potential dual relationships are common, there are specific approaches that can be implemented which can help alleviate these stressors. The author will present a personal perceptive on the integration of advocacy and mediation within the human services field, as well as her personal philosophy andRead MoreThe Interdependence Of The Health System1557 Words  | 7 Pageshealth services to the population†. Different people/authors may define the components differently, but the purpose is the same which is â€Å"to promote, restore, and maintain health†. Shi Singh (2014) pro posed a systems framework that is intersected to better describe the structure of the US health care services. It is comprised of five key components namely system foundations, system resources, system processes, system outcomes, and system outlook. 1. System foundations refer to values, beliefs, historicalRead MoreEssay on Encouragement in the Criminal Justice System 1469 Words  | 6 Pagescan still result due to ethnic group, family values and personal experiences. Culturally speaking, a criminal justice professional will find it very difficult to encourage clients of different cultures if the professional views clients in an ethnocentric manner. Assessing clients in accordance with the professional’s values will severely limit their ability to help and encourage their client. Failure to consider differences in culture and in values will lead to misunderstandings and decrease theRead MoreI Am Today As An Adult1395 Words  | 6 Pages Life transitions or turning points, no matter when they occur in our life, can shape our values and define our beliefs. When working with clients understanding our own life transitions, values we hold, and having our own self awareness can assist with giving our clients the best services possible. Learning about our client’s life transitions can also assist us to help them through difficult times. My own personal life transitions, developmental stages and theory, and themes in my own developmentRead MoreValues Reflection Paper744 Words  | 3 PagesValues Reflection Paper Brandy Alston University of Phoenix Managing Criminal Justice Personnel CJA/474 Professor Leroy Hendrix October 30, 2013 Values Reflection Paper Introduction Values are closely similar to what life means, life is relevant when an individual has accomplished a stimulating obligation for themselves. Values are deserving of an individual’s best accomplishment, values are merits for living or for dying. Values are accomplishments every individualRead MoreValues and Ethics That Influence Social Care1144 Words  | 5 PagesValues and ethics that influence Social Care Values can be defined as: â€Å"Emotionally charged beliefs that influence how we behave an which are influenced by a range of factors and experiences throughout our lives F.Sussex P.Scourfield (2004 The things, beliefs, ideas are peoples values as they consider them important and will defend if they feel they are being threatened. Things individuals value can either be tangible or non-tangible, tangible values would be actual items whereas non-tangibleRead MoreList Key Legislation And Codes Of Practice1177 Words  | 5 Pages1995 †¢ The Human Rights Act 1998 †¢ Age discrimination act 1975 (Reference; Archice 8 March 2011) The human Right act 1998 was published by the government legislation. ‘The human Right act 1998’ has been taken place in the UK law. This means all the individuals that live in the UK are protected by ‘The Human Right Act 1998’. Everyone all around the world has the access to human rights and all the individuals have a responsibility to uphold human rights for others. Within the UK, the human rights actRead MoreThe Core Value Of Social Work1025 Words  | 5 PagesThe first core value of social work is service. The purpose of service is to simply help those in need. It is our duty to find the help and support that individuals need in order to function properly, both individually and socially. Social workers have the ability to see potential in individuals and it is our job to help individuals find that potential. It is also our duty to address social issues. In order to do provide the services needed for individuals, social workers must use their own sourc eRead MoreVolunteers of America: Organization Overview908 Words  | 4 Pagesnot only a nonprofit community organization but also a ministry of service that is committed to helping people in need to rebuild their lives and reach their total potential. The organization is effective in helping people in need to rebuild their lives through its huge workforce that consist of approximately 16,000 paid professional employees. Moreover, the organization also accomplishes its mission through various human service programs such as housing and healthcare. Throughout its history, Volunteers
The Definition of Poverty Essay - 644 Words
What are the definitions of poor and poverty ? Many people hear the words poverty and have different meanings, so how do we know which definition and I poor is the correct one? According to many people poverty may mean a person who does not have any money to do the things they want to do, however most people can afford to live only on the things they truly need. This is just one example; there are many other definitions of the word poverty. Then what do people consider to be the meaning of the word poor? Some may say poor is not having enough money for that extra something at the supermarket or at the mall. What exactly are the true definitions of each word, and how do you tell the words apart and how do you know what to†¦show more content†¦So how do we know that both of these are true meanings of the word poverty? It could also be an educated guess as the word poor. I believe we must take the learned definitions of each word and merge them with our own opinions and th e situations in which they are used to come to an accurate definition. In the beginning of my research of the word poor I had just thought that the word meant not having anything, digging through garbage for food and living in the streets. I always thought about the children advertised on the television that had no food and were nothing but skin and bones; however in my research using the (OED) I found the word poor can mean many different things like having only few materials needing the things that provide the comforts or the nessecities needed in human life so as in doing the research I have done it has changed my mind a little and in a way has me confused about the true meaning of the two words. As I have described poor in the last paragraph I have also thought about the meanin of the word poverty and how closely the two definitions are related they both mean to me having little or nothing, not having the nessecities needed in life they both mean having little or no wealth, the y can also mean having poor condition of the body. I believe that is why the English language is so distinctShow MoreRelatedThe Definition of Poverty554 Words  | 2 PagesGordon (2007) twelve clusters of meaning of poverty evidently proved how the definition of poverty seems difficult to be established, the debates on poverty have been bedeviled by an artificial formalism, which insists that there is only one agreed meaning of poverty. However poverty does not attract a single meaning. For him, poverty is commonly understood in at least twelve discrete senses, which are logically separated: The first meaning denotes poverty as a material concept: individuals are attributedRead MoreDefinition Of Classism And Poverty1573 Words  | 7 PagesDefinition of Classism and Poverty: Classism is a discrimination based on your social class, but it’s more than that, it’s shunning a fraction of people because they are a different class, it is an inequality in what it is to live. This is a colossal issue that impacts millions and this directly ties into billions through poverty. I may be going on and on about poverty, but you may not know what it is and so you may not know how massive of an issue it is. Poverty is being in a state of such lackRead MoreThe Definition Of Poverty On The Number Of Adults And Children1518 Words  | 7 PagesThe definition of poverty hinges on the number of adults and children in the family. Based on income in the United States in 2015, roughly, poverty lines as the weighted average poverty thresholds for family with one person, two people and three people, are 12,082, 15,391, and 18,871 dollars, respectively [1]. Poverty rate differs between race and Hispanic origin, age, and sex, disability status, and other societal characteristics, including immigration status, region, and work experience. The realRead MoreHow Has The Definition Of Poverty Changed Over Time?896 Words  | 4 PagesHow has the definition of poverty changed over time? The definition of poverty has changed overtime because it is defined in several ways. The basic needs perspective defines poverty â€Å"as the lack of resources to fulfill basic human needs including food, health, and education. The capabilities perspective defines poverty as the absence of opportunities to achieve capabilities to be sheltered, well nourished, adequately clothed, healthy, and active in the community†(Chapin, 2014, p.308). This perspectiveRead Moresociety poverty has various definitions that lack the true picture that poverty depicts. Dictionary500 Words  | 2 Pagessociety poverty has various definitions that lack the true picture that poverty depicts. Dictionary defines poverty as â€Å"the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount of money on material possessions.†In other words poverty is a situation where a person fail to earn a sufficient amount of income to purchase basic necessities such as food, shelter, clothes etc. In reality, poverty is much more than the capital resources. According to Laster Brown explained poverty as â€Å"the worldRead MorePoverty Is A Global Concern And Its Eradication1376 Words  | 6 Pages Poverty is a global concern and its eradication is becoming surmountable. This is primarily due to the challenges posed by international and national causes respectively. Besides, the complexity of the phenomenon has not lend itself to be easily eradicated. Little wonder the world continues to struggle to eradicate poverty. Africa is one of the poorest countries on the universe and research and data show that Sierra Leone is one of the poorest countries in Sub-Sahara (UNDP, 2015). Sierra Leone’sRead MorePoverty and Destitution1299 Words  | 6 PagesDefining Poverty Poverty has been defined in many different ways. Some attempt to reduce it to numbers, while others believe that a more vague definition must be used. In the end, a combination of both methods is best. DiNitto and Cummins (2007), in their book â€Å"Social Welfare, Politics and Public Policy,†present six definitions and explanations of poverty. Social reformers Webb and Webb (1911) present another angle on poverty. Essentially, all definitions are correct, the debate is of whichRead MorePoverty Is A Problem That Affects Millions Of People On A Daily Basis1387 Words  | 6 PagesPoverty is a problem that affects millions of people on a daily basis. It is a topic that has been highly debated for many years in politics, between academics and with regular people. The problem that is debated is how to define it, how it should measure and who should be able to dictate these things. A broad definition of poverty is â€Å"the state of having little or no money, goods, or the means of support†(http://dictionary.reference.com). Poverty can be said to have many different definitions butRead MorePovertyin the World811 Words  | 3 PagesPoverty evokes various definitions depending on the audience and perhaps the purpose or context that it is used. Limiting the definition of poverty to a ‘value judgment’ is of little use in terms of agreeing on a definition for the purpose of comparison and measurement between groups (Sen 1979, p.285). A clear definition of poverty supports and indicates the process for measurement, and as such would also assist in determining the focus and approach for development (Clark 2012; Ruggeri, Saith Read MoreThe Cause And Causes Of Poverty1325 Words  | 6 Pagesissue of poverty. According to the Business dictionary, poverty is a â€Å"Condition where people s basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met†. Due to the serious effects and causes of poverty, it has always been an imp ortant issue throughout the world. Causes of poverty vary from country to country but the biggest and most common causes are things such as national debt., disabilities, health issues, war, social inequality, lack of education, and natural resources. Poverty comes with
Fragment Changes in Life Essay Example For Students
Fragment: Changes in Life Essay ByAaron S. KirbyEnglish 11 CP. WareMarch 7th, 1997OutlineThesis Statement: Changes in life like these can change you both physically and mentally for the rest of your life depending on the severity of the situation. I.In early August of `96 my life at home became a living nightmare. II.I applied to the first ad I saw in the paper and strangely enough, I actually got a call from Ramada Inn in less than 3 days after applying. III. In my lifetime I have seen a lot of weird things and have had lots of experiences that have changed my life in one way or another and Im sure that there are going to be lots more of them to come but these that really stand out in my mind are mainly because they happened quite recently. Fragment: Changes in LifeIncidents occur in ones life daily. Most of the time people enjoy talking about what happened today because most of the time its usually funny and it isnt really considered anything serious. Some happenings in our lives are very serious and arent as easy to talk about with others. Even though this is true it does help the person feel better to talk about their problems whether they realize it at first or not. Changes in life like these can change you both physically and mentally for the rest of your life depending on the severity of the situation. In early August of `96 my life at home became a living nightmare. I dont really know what it was that started this thing betwe en me and my parents but I do remember that they were always doing anything they could to just annoy me. I doubt this was intentional but at the time it seemed that it was. They would find any excuse to yell or blame me for things that didnt even involve me and they wouldnt listen to anything I had to say at all. They were right and I was wrong, thats the long and the short of it. It got so bad that I hated being home. I would do anything and go anywhere just to get away from my parents; even if it meant going somewhere that I had always hated going before. When I couldnt get out of the house I tried my best to stay in my room and keep the door closed. When they decided that they didnt want me in my room where they couldnt fuss at me they came up with this big idea that I was trying to hide something from them. They must have spent a lot of time trying to decide what I was trying to hide because they came up with the only halfway smart thing I had heard from them in almost a month. They had decided that I was smoking. Too bad for them; they were wrong. Until their accusation, I hadnt touched a cigarette but after that I did. I spent countless hours thinking about the things that were going on with my life. For almost a whole month I thought about ending my life and my problems, I thought about how I could fix my life by getting away from the house legally, and I wondered what their reasoning for doing this to me was. I finally decided that the smart thing to do would be just do something to get away from them legally but my next question was how then I got a tip as I was scanning through the newspaper one evening. I was going to get a job and that would keep me away from home. I applied to the first ad I saw in the paper and strangely enough, I actually got a call from Ramada Inn in less than 3 days after applying. I went to 2 interviews and apparently passed with flying colors because I got the job about a week later. After working there for about 2 or three weeks the things happening at home had came to and end but I had finally gotten my first taste of real life with my job and it wasnt too sweet. To tell the truth it was terrible. I found out the real reason they hired me. It wasnt because I was so qualified or whatever, it was because the place couldnt get anyone to work. The reason for that was the boss was a real pain in the rear. So now, I didnt have to worry about problems at home; I now had to worry about problems at work but at least I was getting paid for putting up with their crap. I guess thats the price you have to pay and for me getting a job and getting rid of the problems at home ended up saving my life. .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 , .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .postImageUrl , .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 , .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24:hover , .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24:visited , .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24:active { border:0!important; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24:active , .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24 .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf99ad0ae0fe90ff2859e869c128bcd24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BABE RUTH WAS A GREAT.... EssayIn my lifetime I have seen a lot of weird things and have had lots of experiences that have changed my life in one way or another and Im sure that there are going to be lots more of them to come but these that really stand out in my mind are mainly because they happened quite recently. In my mind, I know that I am lucky that these happenings did only affect me mentally and didnt go as far as to affect me physically because had they succeeded, I probably wouldnt be here today. I know now that it would have only been a long term solution to a short term problem but at the time it seemed like suicide was going to be my only way out. I began gett ing very frustrated with the events going on in my life and just wanted to end them all. Looking back on what I thought at the time, I am glad now that I just kept telling myself subconsciously things would get better with time. The thing is, the resolution of my problems took longer than I wanted them to. Id say that if these problems both with my family life and my so called work life had continued much longer, I would have disregarded anything my friends had told me and that I had told myself about things getting better and would have ended my life as you and I know it. You know, the more I think about it in writing this, the more I believe that I probably wouldnt have ended it totally because I seem to have really bad luck. You may ask what this has to do with anything but I figure that if I had tried to kill myself, I would have ended up being found and taken to a doctor and they were able to save my life but I would have ended up being a vegetable but knowing some people, they probably think Im a vegetable already. Category: English
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Optimization of Gasoline Engine Efficiency LPG Fuel System
Question: Describe about the Optimization of Gasoline Engine Efficiency using an LPG Fuel System . Answer: Introduction There is need to improve the thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engines in the current economic trend that experiences increasing of costs of fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel globally. Other than high costs of conventional fuels, gasoline fuel engines faces several challenges associated with its properties as a hydrocarbon with low octane rating. This report is about increasing the thermal efficiency of a gasoline engine by coupling it with an LPG fuel system as a sustainable technology in the automobile industry. The report focuses on the problems affecting the gasoline engines and consequently investigates how the proposed technology would eliminate or minimize the problem. The proposed technology is examined into details Quadruple Bottom Line technique. The report further justifies the adoptability and viability of the technology to solve the stated problem. The report then concludes by making salient recommendations on the sustainability of the technology. Problem Statement One of the challenges affecting the automobile industry today is the ever increasing prices of the conventional fuels such as gasoline. According to Reitz (2015) and Wilcox (2014), fossil fuels account for 33 percent of the global energy in which more than 60 percent of the 70 million barrels are consumed daily by the transportation engines. Therefore, with such unpredictable oil prices, it is imperative to design an engine system that optimizes the fuel injected by drawing as much power from it as possible. The proposed technology offers an ideal alternative since it minimizes the use of gasoline as a conventional fuel in the automobile engine by introducing an LPG fuel system that results to a superior system. Secondly, there is the problem of energy losses associated with the automobile engines. Most of the efficiency issues are related to the conversion of the gasoline fuel from chemical energy to mechanical energy. The figure below shows the most common energy losses in a typical automobile gasoline engine. Depending on the drive cycle, only an estimated 15% of the energy drawn from gasoline fuel is used in driving and running the vehicle accessories like air conditioning (Kokjohn, Hanson, Splitter, Reitz, 2011). Much of the energy is lost sue to idling and system inefficiencies. In gasoline-powered engines, more than 62% of the energy drawn from the fuel is lost due to the inefficiency of the internal combustion engine (Michalek, Papalambros, Skerlos, 2004). The losses occur during the conversion of the chemical energy from the fuel to mechanical energy due to wasted heat, pumping air, and engine friction. According to Ingram (2014), Toyota diesel engines can obtain only up to 40% thermal efficiency although most engines range from 20-30% efficiency. The figure below shows a Toyota gasoline engine. Figure 1Toyota gasoline engine The optimization of the Gasoline Engine using LPG Fuel System Background information The major reason that inspired the development of the proposed technology is the challenges that arise due to the use of gasoline as a fuel in the automobile system. One of the challenges facing gasoline fuel is its volatile nature arising from the fact that it is a byproduct of crude oil distillation and refinery process (Filipi Assanis, 2000). As a result, there are several drawbacks of gasoline fuel such as its costliness and high heat content due to its great calorific value. Moreover, gasoline fuel does not undergo complete combustion, thereby leaving behind deposits of carbon in the combustion chamber that leads to environmental pollution in the form of exhaust (Michalek, Papalambros, Skerlos, 2004). Another drawback of gasoline engine is that its compression ratio cannot be increased and this result to lower torque produced. Furthermore, the gasoline engines have more gum content and give less mileage compared to the LPG systems (Rutland, 2011). There is also the challenge o f high maintenance cost in the case of gasoline compared to the LPG system (Dempsey, Curran, Wagner, 2016). With such a background on the problems facing the gasoline engines resulting to high inefficiency, there is need to improve the gasoline engine by modifying it to ensure that it optimizes the fuel utilization in providing the energy required to drive the engine. The modification of the gasoline engine using the LPG fuel system improves the combustion of the air-fuel mixture, thereby ensuring the production of maximum torque by the engine. Design of the Technology The proposed technology optimizes the synergy drawn from combining a conventional fuel system with a non-conventional system. In the technology, there are alternations made to the gasoline engine by introducing LPG system to a Four/Two Stroke system. Consequently, the engine system takes both gasoline and LPG as engine fuels. The LPG from the fuel storage system proceeds to the adjustable regulator via the primary delivery control valve. The fuel is injected using a rubber horse and enters through a D.C. solenoid valve system. This implies that the solenoid valve is operated using a separate battery. Separate copper tubes are fitted to the systems carburetor for acceleration and idle starting from the outlet of the solenoid valve. A different and distinct gravity feed lubrication arrangement is used unlike the petrol engine. This is because the LPG cannot mix with the lubricating oil to provide lubrication of the different areas of the engine system. In addition, the chain sprocket i s employed in the arrangement to boost the rpm of the Four/Two Stroke engine, thereby increasing the engine efficiency. The design drawing and details of the system are shown below. Figure 2 working details of the proposed design The Working of the Technology The fuel-air mixture from the carburetor jets in the crankcase via the inlet valve during the piston upward motion. During that time, compression of the mixture takes place in the cylinder that ignites the mixture when the piston is at the T.D.C. The piston transfers the motion to the crankshaft during combustion. The crankcase mixture undergoes compression and is pushed through the transfer valve in to the cylinder during the downward motion. Consequently, the exhaust gases are pushed away via the exhaust valve. During this time, the cylinder is filled with a fresh charge of the mixture to complete the Four/Two Strokes through a process known as cross flow scavenging. A complete Four/Two Stroke movement results to a complete revolution of the crankshaft. The design of the chain sprocket is another unique property of the proposed technology. The chains are designed to convert the engines pulling power to rotational power or rotational power to the pulling power through the sprocket engagement. The sprockets are designed to have more teeth compared to the gear system than have either one or two teeth. The sprockets do not have slippage while the gear teeth are designed to couple and slip against one another. Moreover, the sprocket teeth are designed differently from the gears to further improve the functionality and operation of the system. The Relevance of the Technology The technology is relevant in the contemporary automobile industry owing to the high costs of gasoline fuel in the market and the emerging trends in the fight against environmental pollution. Comparatively, LPG engine systems are readily available and cheaper than their gasoline counterparts are. The improved engine system takes care of the costly and scarce conventional fuel and minimizes the dangers associated with air pollution caused by gasoline as a conventional fuel system. Environmental pollution is one of the major drawbacks of the gasoline fuel system due to the emission of the exhaust gases to the surrounding. The integration of the LPG system in the gasoline reduces the amount of exhaust fumes emitted to the ambient thereby reducing pollution from the automobiles. This is because LPG fuels emit comparatively lesser fumes. Due to better combustion than the gasoline engines, the LPG engines are generally environmentally friendly and clean since there is no trace of carbon le ft after combustion. Secondly, LPG fuel system is more efficient compared to the gasoline engines. The LPG engines mixes easily and readily as opposed to the gasoline counterparts (Murphy, 2012). Other than being knock resistant, they have less contamination and residue due to almost complete combustion. In addition, the LPG systems have small crankcase dilution and this leads to prolonged life span of the engine. Owing to uniform distribution, the LPG systems have increased efficiency. The efficiency of the engine is further increased due to the relatively high octane rating with a better compression ratio of over 10:1. Owing to the environmental concerns and the optimization of the injected fuel, the modification of the conventional gasoline engine using an LPG system offers the best alternative to the automobile industry. The sustainability of the Proposed Technology In order to establish the sustainability of the proposed technology, the Quadruple Bottom Line is used to analyze it using the four sustainability measurement parameters including Government, Economical, Social, and Environmental aspects. Quadruple Bottom Line Sustainability Government i. Taxation: taxes will be submitted to the government once the sale of the technology commences ii. Legislation: the technology will not breach any of the state laws such as copyright, patent, and trademark. The technology will also not be used in a manner that subverts the laws such as illegal business. Economic i. Mass Customization: the design is customized to meet the needs of the individual customers with optimum production efficiency without compromising the delivery, quality, and cost. ii. Personalization: the design is oriented towards meeting the specifications of the customers such as the desired engine fuel capacity. Social i. Corporate Social Responsibility: 10% the returns from the sale of the design will be used to support community development projects such as schools, hospitals, and garbage cleaning ii. Gender: the services of both the disabled and the female employees will be considered during the production of the technology. Environmental i. Pollution: The technology reduces the emission of exhaust gases to the ambient as opposed to the gasoline fuel system that emits poisonous carbon monoxide to the environment. ii. Minimum Heat Radiation: the LPG gas engine does not emit much heat compared to the gasoline fuel that has high calorific value, thereby increasing the amount of heat radiated by the engine. Future Impact of the Technology The Current Research on the Technology In the present times, there have been ongoing research on the soot formation in the internal combustion engines that use gasoline fuels. The studies are aimed at minimizing the amount of carbon substance left in the engine after combustion due to incomplete combustion of the fuel mixture. In addition, there are studies aimed at eliminating the knocking phenomenon that causes problems in the gasoline engines. Moreover, there studies inclined towards the diesel engines, especially regarding the combustion of light-duty diesel fuels and the four-way catalyst engine systems (Kusakabe et al., 2014). Other than these, these are current studies by Wang (2013) focused on the investigation of the wear of the main bearing of the gasoline engines. The Proposed Developments There are some current proposed internal combustion engine developments such as the direct injection of the gasoline fuel in the vehicle engine conducted by Koike, Saito, Tomoda, and Yamamoto (2000). On the other hand, Devanshu et al. (2015) and Yan, Tseng, and Leong (2012) are developing a solar powered car that operates under aerodynamic principles. Such a development is aimed at minimizing the dependence on fossil fuel that is not renewable. Rynne and von Ellenrieder (2010) are also working towards the development of a wind-powered car to promote the use of green energy. These efforts are aimed at minimizing the toxic emissions by the automobile industry as a result of the consumption of fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel. Conclusion and Recommendation on the sustainability of the Technology In summary, the proposed technology should be adopted to modify the conventional gasoline engines to take up LPG gas. The LPG gas minimizes the challenges of environmental pollution and the efficiency of the internal combustion engines. One of the recommendations include the use of LPG gas more often than the gasoline fuel to minimize the amount of exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide emitted from the gasoline engines. Secondly, the engine should be modified to automate the intake of both fuels, especially where one fuel mixture runs out and there is limited time to replenish the fuel tank. References Dempsey, A., Curran, S., Wagner, R. (2016). A perspective on the range of gasoline compression ignition combustion strategies for high engine efficiency and low NOx and soot emissions: Effects of in-cylinder fuel stratification.International Journal Of Engine Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087415621805 Devanshu Singla, Aakash Tayal, Rajat Sharma, Dr J. P Kesari,. (2015). Aerodynamic Development of a Solar Car.IJERT,V4(06). https://dx.doi.org/10.17577/ijertv4is060435 Filipi, Z. Assanis, D. (2000). The effect of the stroke-to-bore ratio on combustion, heat transfer and efficiency of a homogeneous charge spark ignition engine of given displacement.International Journal Of Engine Research,1(2), 191-208. https://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1468087001545137 Ingram, A. (2014).Toyota Gasoline Engine Achieves Thermal Efficiency Of 38 Percent.Green Car Reports. Retrieved 29 August 2016, from https://www.greencarreports.com/news/1091436_toyota-gasoline-engine-achieves-thermal-efficiency-of-38-percent Koike, M., Saito, A., Tomoda, T., Yamamoto, Y. (2000). Research and Development of a New Direct Injection Gasoline Engine.SAE Technical Paper Series. https://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0530 Kokjohn, S., Hanson, R., Splitter, D., Reitz, R. (2011). Fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI): a pathway to controlled high-efficiency clean combustion.International Journal Of Engine Research,12(3), 209-226. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411401548 Kusakabe, R., Abe, M., Ehara, H., Ishikawa, T., Mayuzumi, T., Miyake, T. (2014). Injection Quantity Range Enhancement by Using Current Waveform Control Technique for DI Gasoline Injector.SAE International Journal Of Engines,7(2), 560-567. https://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1211 Manente, V., Johansson, B., Cannella, W. (2011). Gasoline partially premixed combustion, the future of internal combustion engines?.International Journal Of Engine Research,12(3), 194-208. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411402441 Michalek, J., Papalambros, P., Skerlos, S. (2004). A Study of Fuel Efficiency and Emission Policy Impact on Optimal Vehicle Design Decisions.Journal Of Mechanical Design,126(6), 1062. https://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1804195 Murphy, S. (2012). Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Natural Gas (NG) - Fire Prevention Issues.Transactions Of The VSB - Technical University Of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series,VII(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10281-012-0012-y Reitz, R. (2015).Grand challenges in engine and automotive engineering.Frontiers in Mechanical Engineering. Retrieved 29 August 2016, from https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmech.2015.00001 Rutland, C. (2011). Large-eddy simulations for internal combustion engines - a review.International Journal Of Engine Research,12(5), 421-451. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411407248 Rynne, P. von Ellenrieder, K. (2010). Development and Preliminary Experimental Validation of a Wind- and Solar-Powered Autonomous Surface Vehicle.IEEE Journal Of Oceanic Engineering,35(4), 971-983. https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/joe.2010.2078311 Wang, C. (2013). Diagnosis Research on Main Bearing Wear of Gasoline Engines in Mechanical Engineering.AMR,644, 304-307. https://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.644.304 Wilcox, J. (2014). Grand Challenges in Advanced Fossil Fuel Technologies.Frontiers In Energy Research,2. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00047 Yan, Y., Tseng, C., Leong, J. (2012). Feasibility of Solar Powered Cooling Device for Electric Car.Energy Procedia,14, 887-892. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1028
Friday, April 17, 2020
Essay Topics For Grade 7 Students
Essay Topics For Grade 7 StudentsA lot of homework often revolves around essay topics for grade 7 students, and while that seems like a tiresome chore, it is important. The right essay topics for grade 7 students are vital to gauge their comprehension of the concepts, and also in encouraging them to write in the first place.As the number of children in school continues to increase at an exponential rate, the need for essay topics for grade 7 students to cover has grown even more urgent. So how do you choose the right essay topics for grade 7 students? And why do you need essays in the first place?Grade 7 students have always been given assignments because they are kids. Kids love doing things that will help them develop their skills, and writing is one of the best ways they have of doing so. When writing, they learn by just experiencing the process. When they read and review what they've written in a form of writing, they'll likely develop better skills in reading and writing themsel ves.Grade 7 students need to understand the importance of learning about the subjects that they're being taught. They need to be able to structure their papers in such a way that they address the concerns and questions that they're posing to their teachers and classmates.Of course, in order to get a good grade on your assignment, it's important that you don't neglect the importance of essay topics for grade 7 students. In fact, this is where all of your hard work will pay off.There are several ways to find essay topics for grade 7 students. There are many online research opportunities out there that can serve as excellent sources. You can get free advice from websites and resources, or you can try your hand at asking your friends, colleagues, and relatives for ideas.It's important that you write each essay on your assigned grade level. If you try to write an essay on a topic that is too advanced for your grade, then the answers will come across as being incorrect, and if your essay is too easy for your grade, it won't be too successful either.As much as it's frustrating to have to submit essays to different grades, grade 7 students need to take responsibility for their grades. They must be able to grasp the concepts and be able to express themselves in a form of writing that is grammatically correct.
Thursday, April 16, 2020
Charles Loring Brace Essay Example
Charles Loring Brace Essay Charles Loring Brace Founder, Children’s Aid Society New York City Beth Boersma University of Georgia SOWK 6011 Fall, 2010 Introduction Charles Loring Brace is recognized as one of the founders of child welfare reform in the United States, particularly in the area of foster care and adoption. His work was conducted in the nineteenth century in New York City, in the midst of one of the most prolific eras of change in U. S. history. This paper will describe and summarize Brace’s background and the influences that led to his work, the impact of his work on the society of his time, the legacy of his work, and its influences on child welfare efforts today. Social Background Charles Loring Brace was born June 19, 1826 in Litchfield, Connecticut, described as a small but prosperous village, wholly lacking in urban luxury or vice, but providing its residents with something approaching urban levels of learning and culture. It was the home of the nation’s first law school†¦.. also the home of one of the first secondary schools for girls in the United States, the Litchfield Female Academy, graduates of which included Harriet Beecher Stowe and her sister Catherine Beecher†(O’Connor, 2001, p7). Charles was the second of four children born to John and Lucy Brace and, in the Puritan tradition of the time, he was primarily educated by his father. We will write a custom essay sample on Charles Loring Brace specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Charles Loring Brace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Charles Loring Brace specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer John Brace was a teacher at the Litchfield Female Academy, where he displayed a progressive slant on education by reforming the curriculum typically taught to girls to include more challenging subjects â€Å"including science, higher mathematics, logic and Latina curriculum that at the very least equaled that of most boys’ academies†(O’Connor, p. 8). Young Charles often sat in on his father’s classes and was undoubtedly influenced by the senior Brace’s feminist philosophy that female children should be educated on an equal level as males, in order to â€Å"improve woman’s ‘rank in society, placing her s the rational companion of man, not the slave of his pleasures or the victim of tyranny’†(O’Connor, p. 8). John Brace and his wife also believed strongly in the Calvinist traditions of duty, diligence, sacrifice, fortitude, and self-control and passed these values on to Charles. The Braces valued nature and Charles developed a strong connection between the beauty and grandeur of the outdoors and his related feelings of joy and immense satisfaction of being alive. Perhaps the most enduring value that Charles learned from his family was moral philosophy, or â€Å"the attempt to determine the nature of one’s obligation to one’s fellow manâ€â€and to Godâ€â€and the attempt to discipline one’s character so as to fulfill that obligation to perfection†. (O’Connor, p. 18). Another early influences in Charles’ life was Horace Bushnell, a Congregational minister in Hartford, CT, where Charles and his family lived after John Brace took a position at the Hartford Female Seminary (founded by Catherine Beecher). Bushnell is â€Å"regarded by many as the most important American religious thinker of the nineteenth century†(O’Connor, p 18). Rev. Bushnell promoted the ideals of spiritual development throughout the lifespan, which was in direct opposition to Calvinistic beliefs of the innate depravity of humans from birth. This idea would deeply impact Charles’ later work. Charles entered Yale in 1942 at age sixteen and he proved to be an excellent student. At Yale, Charles became close friends with his roommate, John Olmsted, as well as John’s brother, Frederick Law Olmsted, the future architect and urban designer. During his years at Yale, which also included some time at the Yale Divinity School, Charles demonstrated a strong interest in philosophy and he explored a variety of the world’s religions and spent lots of time debating various issues and ideas with his friends and classmates. This led to Charles’ development of a set of beliefs that would guide his life’s work: First, despite the societal attitude that poverty and criminality were synonymous, Brace believed that a truly just system would see that â€Å"lawbreakers might have motives or other qualities that redeemed them, and that God cared less about human law than about romoting happiness†(O’Connor, p. 30). Second, Brace believed that the family was the primary method of shaping humans, as well as the tangible â€Å"image of God’s relationship to humanity: God was a father who loved His children and only wanted only their happiness†(O’Connor, p. 31). Brace went on to view G od’s father figure as trying to mold or improve the character of His children, a value that justified Brace’s efforts to use Christianity and Protestant values as the guiding principles in his work. After the death of his beloved sister, Emma, in 1850, Charles spent a few years travelling across Europe as a foreign correspondent for American newspapers after college and he also used this time to visit schools and other organizations that served the poor in Germany, Hungary, Ireland and England. One result of this time of exploration, observation and study was that Charles came to understand Protestant Christianity as the most advanced, and therefore most superior, guide to moral behavior. He viewed the improved social standing of women and advances in the care and treatment of children as the direct result of the influence of Christianity. Brace stated that â€Å"of all practical changes which Christianity has encouraged or commenced in the history of the world, this respect and value for children is the most important, as it affects the foundation of all society and government, and influences a far distant future†(Bullard, 2005, p. 31). Social Context Throughout Charles’ life thusfar, cities in America had been experiencing tremendous change. The Panic of 1837 had significant impact on levels of unemployment and homelessness, as well as a loss of faith in the idea that religion could be a primary means of change (Nelson, K, 1995, p. 57-58). Events such as the Astor Place riot (1849) and rampant outbreaks of disease caused citizens to believe that â€Å"the foundations of civilization were crumbling at their feet†(O’Connor, p. 42). Movement toward industrialization and urbanization, as well as the swell of immigration during this time contributed to unprecedented levels of population, crime, violence, and other social concerns such as drunkenness, prostitution and domestic violence. The transition from a primarily agricultural society to an industrial one, while beneficial in many aspects, was producing social problems that needed ways of being addressed. After completing his studies at Yale Charles, believing that he heard a call to the ministry, moved to New York City in 1848 to study at Union Theological Seminary. His friend, Frederick Law Olmsted, was already in New York and had written to Charles about his visions for the work they might do to impact the current circumstances of people in the city: â€Å"Throw your light on the paths in Politics and Social Improvement and encourage me to put my foot down and forwards. There’s a great work wants doing in this our generation, Charleyâ€â€let’s off jacket and go about it†(O’Connor, 2001, p. 26). Upon arriving in New York City, Charles was shocked to see the levels of poverty in the city. Slums overflowed with immigrants and workers who had flocked to the factories that proliferated with the boom of industrialization. Working-class families lived on the edge of poverty; when they slipped over that line, their children were forced to supplement their parents’ income with what they could earn on the streets. Those from the most destitute familiesâ€â€ravaged by disease, alcoholism and violenceâ€â€often never returned home. (Eviatar, 2001, p. 25). The prevailing response to the increasing numbers of street children was to place them in orphanages, prisons, asylums or indentured servitude. Members of the privileged Victorian upper classes viewed poor children primarily as future criminals and miscreants. Charles Loring Brace, however, saw these children a little differently: Although he thought there were some things that were truly ‘dangerous’ about this class of children (not only as future rioters and robbers but as voters who might elect presidents out of ignorant rage), Brace was one of the first public activists to recognize their authentic virtues and their tremendous potential for good. He truly liked the children he worked with, but more important, he respected them†(O’Connor, p. 78). Brace admired the self-deprecating humor, energy, independence, resolve, moral code, generosity and resourcefulness of the children of the streets. When Charles Darwin’s The Origin of the Species was published in 1859, Brace read it repeatedly and came to view these children, the survivors of â€Å"the struggle for existence†in the fiercest environments, as potentially the most evolutionarily advanced individuals in the nation. â€Å"The problem, as Brace saw it, was that the very environment that bred these robust and most characteristically American of Americans often led them to employ their natural abilities in the worst possible manner, with respect to both their own well-being and society’s†(O’Connor, p. 80). Contribution to Social Work In her textbook, A New History of Social Welfare, sixth edition, Phyllis Day describes Charles Loring Brace thusly: Brace believed that pauper families should be prevented from getting any kind of relief that would keep them together. His solution was to relocate children with families in the West, where they might learn the benefits of hard work in an untouched environment. For twenty years, haphazardly and without follow-up, often simply â€Å"taking†(kidnapping) children they felt were in need, agents loaded children on trains and shipped them to cities in the West, where they were â€Å"picked over†and chosen by families. Unfortunately, many families just wanted the extra help and badly mistreated the children. Many simply disappeared, either running away, getting lost, or dying (Day, 2009, p. 233). Upon further exploration, however, Brace actually had a much deeper desire to help further and deepen the lives of the street children of New York, and he made developing ways of assisting them the primary focus of his work. Brace worked in several settings in New York City (missions, almshouses, tenements, etc. in the early 1850s and honed his focus: â€Å"The way to save the children of the slums, then, and to allow the nation to benefit from their enormous potential, was to find a way to alter their environment so that their best qualities could thrive and become a boon rather than a curse. All of the early projects of the Children’s Aid Society would be attempts to modify the environment of poor children so as to replace the worst influences exerted on them with more â€Å"Christian†one s (O’Connor, p. 80). In January, 1853, Brace met with a group of concerned individuals to discuss these ideas and issues and they founded the Children’s Aid Society (CAS), with a goal of helping the children of the streets by â€Å"plac(ing) them in an environment where their most basic physical needs could be met and their own most healthy and virtuous impulses would make them want to improve themselves, to become the very best men and women they could be†(O’Connor, p. 82). Brace was selected as the leader of the organization, with responsibility for developing plans for the agency’s work as well as the marketing and advertising strategies that would support it. While Brace’s primary intent for the CAS was to follow his belief that Christian men had â€Å"a responsibility to God†to care for the less fortunate children, he also developed a method of appealing to wealthy New Yorkers, the potential financial backers, by showing the advantages of the CAS’ work in attempting to ensure that future society would be protected from the potential negative impact of leaving these children to their own devices on the streets. The CAS borrowed some ideas from existing social service agencies of the time, such as holding â€Å"Sunday meetings†and opening Industrial schools, which were designed to provide an opportunity for the street children to develop basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills, as well as to develop useful job training and trade skills that were of benefit to society. â€Å"Girls learned the ‘needle trades’ (sewing, and dress- and hat-making) and skills they could use as domestics (housecleaning, cooking, serving). Boys were taught such skills as carpentry and shoe- and box-making†(O’Connor, p. 86). Most of the children served were teenagers and the CAS treated them as competent individuals, capable of deciding on their own whether or not they wanted to participate in CAS services. The CAS did employ strong persuasive and evangelical techniques, in an effort to encourage participation, but did not force anyone to participate against their will. Unlike asylums, orphanages, houses of refuge and prisons, which attempted to reform poor children by submitting them to inflexible routines of training, religion and work, the CAS primarily attempted to shape children’s character through the choices it offered and the ‘unconscious influence’ exerted by its ostensibly virtuous staff. Brace believed, in fact, that the offering of choice itself was character-building because it encouraged autonomy and independence†(O’Connor, p. 87-88). The New York newsboys became the face of the children served by the CAS. Popular books by Charles Dickens and Horatio Alger had put the newsboys in the forefront of societal awareness and Charles Loring Brace viewed the newsboys as the personification of the strengths and qualities that he admired most about the children of the streets. The CAS opened the first Newsboys’ Lodging House in 1854, in order to provide reasonably-priced lodging as an option to sleeping on the streets. Residents of the lodging house were expected to pay six cents for a bed and four cents for a meal, in accordance with Brace’s beliefs in self-sufficiency and independence. The lodging house also provided various opportunities for children to engage in reading the Bible and learning about the Golden Rule and the love of God. However, as time passed, Brace saw the benefits of providing practical information and education to the children, such as financial management and educational skills, haircuts, and basic medical treatment. In the lodging houses children were, as Brace described it, â€Å"shaped to be honest and industrious citizens; here taught economy, good order, cleanliness, and morality; here Religion brings its powerful influences to bear upon them; and they are sent forth to begin courses of honest livelihood†(O’Connor, p. 93). As the railroads expanded West, Brace developed another option for assisting homeless children of the city. Expanding on the seeds planted by Rev. Bushnell in his youth, Brace came to believe that, as the moral and spiritual development of children had the potential to be impacted by all they came in contact with, facilitating the move of the street children to more â€Å"decent and properly Christian†environments would be the best way to preserve and enhance their character. By using his contacts with a railroad executive and patron of the CAS, Brace developed an â€Å"Emigration Plan†, in which children who were orphans or from destitute families could sign up for train transport West, towards placement with a new â€Å"family†. Brace strove to maintain the importance of the child’s independence and did not follow the â€Å"indenture†plan of earlier times, in which children were bound to their new family for a period of time in order to pay off debts related to their inclusion in that household. Under Brace’s plan, the CAS or the child’s family maintained guardianship and the relationship between the child and the placement family could be dissolved at any time if either party was dissatisfied. The child was expected to work as a member of the new family, in order to â€Å"pay†his/her way. The new family was expected to provide room and board, make arrangements for education of younger children, provide opportunities for the child to develop work skills and experiences, and provide them some money upon reaching age 21, at which time the child was expected to assume full independence and responsibility for himself. According to CAS archives, CAS moved an estimated â€Å"105,000 children between 1853 and the early 1930s†(O’Connor, p. 49) to the West. While the â€Å"orphan trains†, as they became known, were a massive undertaking, Brace also maintained focus on the local efforts in New York, opening the first Girls’ Lodging House in 1862 and continuing to work with the CAS until his death in 1890, consistently working to enhance the reputation of the CAS, as well as to provide support for children in need. Criticisms Critics of Brace have identified several issues with his work. Throughout the Orphan Train activity, there were consistent complaints that these efforts were, in fact, a move to proselytize Catholic youths (the majority of the street children) and to send them to Protestant families in the West, where they would lose connection with the faith of their ancestors. After Brace’s death, his sons took over the management of CAS and they actually took steps to focus efforts on Protestant children in order to decrease this criticism. Catholic children in need were the focus of Catholic-specific aid agencies. Another complaint was the lack of consistent record-keeping on the children served, especially those sent West. CAS did not take steps to verify the circumstances of children who showed up to take a train trip and there were many who were critical of the fact that some of the children who were sent away were, in fact, from intact functional families. A third issue for critics was that Brace appeared to be somewhat selective in the information that he made public regarding CAS’ work, apparently choosing to idealize the results and minimize the facts related to those whose cases did not end positively. The vast majority of the children who were sent West did not receive any follow-up; neither was there any screening mechanism to determine if placement families were actually upstanding people, or if they might be taking advantage of, or abusing, the children placed with them. In promotional writings, Brace frequently depicted the orphan train efforts as having very high success rates, but in actuality, â€Å"approximately 20 percent of records made under Brace’s stewardship are so incomplete that it is impossible to get any idea of how a child fared in his or her new home, and most of the remaining files are so fragmentary that conclusions based on them can only be educated guesses at best†(O’Connor, p. 49) Clay Gish (1999) identified another criticism that still affects child welfare efforts today: â€Å"One of Brace’s most enduringâ€â€and most problematicâ€â€legacies to modern social services is that he made it acceptable policy to intervene in the lives of the poor on the grounds of protecting their children†(Gish, p. 137). Summary Charles Loring Brace made many contributions to child welfare reform in the nineteenth century. As described by Howard Husock (2008), â€Å"the scale of what Brace did is stunnin g, especially for those who believe that only government can undertake large-scale efforts to help the poor. Over its first 27 years, the Children’s Aid Society provided temporary assistance and moral instruction to the 170,000 children who passed through its seven Lodging Houses. It also placed 50,000 orphans and other street children in homes in Michigan, Wisconsin and other points west, in order to bring them under the ‘healthy influence of family life’. And it established ’21 day schools’â€â€vocational schools for older kidsâ€â€Ã¢â‚¬Ëœand 14 night schools, with an aggregate annual attendance of about 100,000 children†(Husock, p. 4). Husock continued: â€Å"In a manner now familiar, he (Brace) identified and described a social problem: child homelessness and its potential to fuel ‘the dangerous classes’. He established a freestanding organization, not linked, for instance, to any one church; assembled a board; successfully solicited thousands of donors; and brought together volunteers and paid staff†(p. 5). Brace arguably impacted the crime rates in New York City as a result of his work as well. A review of crime records in New York from 1861-1871 (O’Connor, p. 75) shows that, while the city’s population grew consistently, arrest rates for vagrancy and petty larceny (the primary crimes children were arrested for) decreased each year. Brace also positively affected the implementation of truancy laws in the city, through his consistent and vociferous support of compulsory education for all children. As time has passed and Brace’s work has been reviewed, many critiques and p roblems have been identified. However, when viewed in the context of nineteenth-century society, Brace’s work shows a progressive ideal that undoubtedly made a difference. The efforts had decidedly mixed results and certainly did not end in overwhelmingly positive outcomes for every child involved. However, research shows that Brace’s true intent did indeed appear to be to help those in need, in accordance with his personal religious mandate of having an obligation to do so. As a child who was adopted at birth, this writer can appreciate Brace’s efforts to facilitate the movement of children in need to more positive and family-oriented situations. I certainly feel for many of the children and families that were separated, whether as a direct result of Brace’s efforts or by some ther circumstance, as this was surely a heart-wrenching experience to have. Then again, I recognize that I am viewing these situations through a twenty-first century lens, which colors my perspective a bit. In the nineteenth century, children were expected to work and be contributors to the family’s well-being as opposed to current views of children a s â€Å"special†beings primarily in need of love and support in order to grow, develop and become productive and upstanding members of society. Charles Loring Brace lived during the beginnings of the shift in societal views on children and their roles. In review of his work, it appears that he did what he was capable of to make a difference in the lives of those he was called to serve.
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